Постспленэктомический гипоспленизм

Splenectomy is a serious operation, which includes the removal of the largest peripheral immune organ. Vast array of different pools of immunocompetent cells and immune-factors eliminate from the body as a result of this operation. Occurrence of hyposplenism in our country pediatric service is not determined — there are neither clear criteria for its diagnosis, nor approved algorithms for prevention. Data of postsplenectomy sepsis incidence in Russia are unknown. In this review article authors give contemporary literature data relating to the issue of developing hyposplenism and changes in the body after removal of spleen. Systemic effect of organ-resecting operation and the basic directions of overwhelming post-splenectomy infection and sepsis prevention are discussed.Спленэктомия — это серьезная иммунокомпрометирующая операция, т.к. в результате нее удаляется наиболее крупный периферический орган иммунной системы, из организма выносится огромный массив пулов различных иммуннокомпетентных клеток и иммунноактивных факторов, страдают и специфические, и неспецифические врожденные звенья иммунитета. Место гипоспленизма в педиатрии в России не определено: не существует ни четких критериев его диагностики, ни утвержденных алгоритмов профилактики. Статистические данные о частоте развития постспленэктомического сепсиса в России отсутствуют. В данной обзорной статье авторы приводят современные литературные данные относительно вопросов гипоспленизма и изменений, развивающихся в организме после удаления селезенки. Обсуждается системный эффект органоуносящей операции, рассматриваются основные направления профилактики отягощенной постспленэктомической инфекции и сепсиса как крайней степени проявления гипоспленизма

The diagnostic value of biomarkers of inflammation, angiogenesis and fibrogenesis to assess the severity of urodynamic obstruction in children with congenital megaureter

The aim of the study is to determine the diagnostic value of urine biomarkers of inflammation (interleukin-1p, tumor necrosis factor-a), angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor) and fibrogenesis (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, matrix metalloproteinase-9) to assess the severity of urodynamic obstruction of the ureter. Materials and Methods — Complex investigation of 47 children with congenital nonrefluxing megaureter at the age from 1 month till 11 years is carried. Results. The correlation between the urine level of IL-1p and main laboratory criteria of inflammation occurred, so IL-1p as an integrative indicator of pyelonephritis activity was appeared. The relation between levels of VEGF and MCP-1 and indicators of renal hemodynamics allowed to consider increased levels of these factors as markers of irreversible nephrosclerosis. The urine level of MMP-9 was strongly correlated with parameters of peristalyic activity of the ureter. The group of children with lower peristalyic activity of the megaureter was significantly different from group with normal ureteral peristalsis by the high urine level of MMP-9. We do not have reliable data about the diagnostic value of determination of the urine level of TNF-a in children with congenital megaureter. Conclusion: The urine level of biological markers investigations are very important for clinical practice for determination of pyelonephritis activity (IL-1p), severity of ischemic deterioration of renal parenchyma (VEGF, MCP-1). Further studies are needed to clarify the pathogenic role of MMP-9 in the regulation of peristalyic activity of the ureter during embryonic and postnatal development in patients with congenital nonrefluxing megaureter

The ploidy and genetic structure of hybrid population of water frogs Pelophylax esculentus complex (Amphibia, Ranidae) of Ukraine fauna

The complex study, including allozyme variability and cytometry of hybrid populations of green frogs Pelophylax esculentus (L., 1758) complex has confirmed that the only region of Ukraine where allodip loid are encountered frequently is the Severski Donets basin (9% of all hybrids). In other areas, only two poly ploidy hybrids (0.9%) and one probably autopolyploid individual of each parental species have been regis tered. According to allozyme specters, all three polyploidy hybrids from the Severski Donets basin were males and belonged to biotype P. esculentus (=lessonae) – 2 ridibundus, and their population in this region has halved during the past decade

Inheritance of parental genomes by a hybrid form Rana “esculenta” (Amphibia, Ranidae)

In this study, quantitative analysis of paternal genome inheritance by a hybrid form Rana “esculenta” (= Rana esculenta L., 1758 × Rana ridibunda Pall., 1881) (Amphibia, Ranidae) was examined. The hybrid form examined was characterized by a polymodal mode of inheritance (genome of any of the parental species can be inherited). The absence of correlation between the proportion of normal gametes and either sex or ploidity of the producer was demonstrated. The gametes produced could be both haploid and diploid (hybrid or homozygous). The mechanism of alloploid reproduction is discussed

Аденомы щитовидной железы у детей

According to the papers thyroid nodules are quite rare in the first two decades of life. However, there are some exceptions, relating to areas with an iodine deficiency or affected by radioactive fallout, where the risk of nodules and carcinomas is increased. Therefore, it is a great challenge for the physician to distinguish between benign and malignant lesions preoperatively, and not only in these areas of greater risk. The authors analyzed current works, which are devoted to diagnostics and treatment of adenomas of thyroid gland in children. This literature review is based on works dedicated to epidemiology, histotypes study, and methods of diagnostics, surgical treatment, prognosis and complications of this pathology. The current tendencies in surgical approaches, intraoperative monitoring of recurrent laryngeal nerve are also discussed. The actuality of this problem is connected with last decade increase of adenomas in structure of thyroid gland nodules, increase of number of patients with multiple adenomas and with polypathias: adenomas with nodular goiter, autoimmune thyroiditis and cancer in children. The difficulties of diagnostic of adenomas are related to the similar clinical symptoms, cytogenetic characteristics of growth of benign and malignant lesions of thyroid gland. Additionally there is no systematic review about thyroid adenomas in children recent years.Согласно данным литературы, аденомы щитовидной железы весьма редко встречаются в детском возрасте. В обзоре представлены данные современных отечественных и зарубежных авторов, посвященные проблемам диагностики и лечения аденом щитовидной железы у детей. Проведен детальный анализ актуальных исследований по направлениям: эпидемиология, изучение гистологических типов, методы диагностики, хирургическое лечение, отдаленные результаты данной патологии. Кроме того, в обзоре перечислены последние тенденции в отношении изменения оперативных доступов, интраоперационного нейромониторинга. Актуальность проблемы связана с тем, что в последнее десятилетие отмечается резкое количественное увеличение аденом в структуре узловых образований щитовидной железы, увеличение числа больных с множественными аденомами, а также с сочетанной патологией — аденомы с узловым коллоидным зобом, аутоиммунным тиреоидитом и раком у детей. Как истинные эпителиальные неоплазии, аденомы щитовидной железы обладают сходными клиническими и цитогенетическими характеристиками роста с раком щитовидной железы, что часто приводит к диагностическим ошибкам. Необходимость проведения настоящей работы обусловлена еще и тем, что за последние годы подобнаясистематизация не проводилась

Determination of the level of biological inflammation markers in patients with anorectal malformations and malformations of the urinary system

Aim of the study. To conduct research of the maintenance of cytokines in the serum of blood and urine for children with anorectal malformations in the dynamics of chronic pyelonephritis. Methods. Determined repertoire of the main pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in urine (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-1RA) by the ELISA method in 3 points of research: at arrival of the patient in a hospital, prior to antibacterial therapy, in 5-7 days from the beginning of a course of treatment and in 1,5 months after treatment. 54 children with chronic pyelonephritis were examined: 40 patients who had a combination of congenital defects of an urinary system to defects of anorectal area (1 group) and 14 children - without anorectal of defects (the 2nd group). Average age of patients were 4,5±3,6 years old. The group of comparison was made by 20 children with small surgical pathology (umbilical or inguinal hernia) in the preoperative period stratified on age and sex. Results: In the 1st group the reliable increase in concentration of IL- (p<0,007), IL-6 (p<0,003), IL-8 (p<0,003), TNFα (p<0,003) in all three points concerning group of comparison was registered. In the 3rd point of IL-1β (p<0,003), IL-6 (p<0,003), IL-8 (p<0,003) and TNFα (p<0,002) in urine reached the maximum result. In the 2nd group increase of the IL-8 level (p<0,005) concerning group of comparison is noted. The maintenance of TNFα in urine in the 3rd point was much higher, than in the 1st and the 2nd points. Concentration of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 in children’s urine of the 1st group was authentically above indicators of the 2nd group. Conclusion. Monitoring of cytokines in urine is a perspective noninvasive method of an assessment of inflammatory process of an uric path at children with anorectal malformation

Causative agents of urinary tracts infection in children with obstructive uropathy

167 children with different variants of congenital obstructions of urinary tracts were examined; the causative agents of urinary tracts infections were analyzed in all the cases. The changes of the cytokines levels were determined in those patients which had the more often found causative agents in the analyses. It was mentioned that of the total patients with obstructive uropathy (OU) the fifth part in the absence of bacteriuria had a pathogen in biopsy material (BM) of urinary tracts. In fourth part of cases microorganisms that were detected in BM and urine did not matched. The changes of cytokines levels in urine did not have any species-specific dependence on causative agen